Trend Analysis of Chemical Drug Additives (BKO) in Indonesian Herbal Medicines: A Case Study 2019-2024
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61402/crj.v1i4.206Keywords:
BPOM, Chemical Drug Additives, Consumer Safety, Herbal Medicine, Regulatory OversightAbstract
This study analyses supervision trends regarding Herbal Medicines containing pharmaceutical chemicals (BKO) in Indonesia from 2019 to the third quarter of 2024. Compounds like sildenafil, dexamethasone, paracetamol, and sibutramine are frequently added for quick effects, despite posing serious health risks. Based on data from the Indonesian Food and Drug Authority (BPOM), this study explores BKO distribution patterns in informal sectors, such as traditional stalls and depots, which often lack sufficient oversight. Findings indicate an increased distribution of high-risk products in these areas, often without appropriate labelling or quality control. This study also underscores the need for education and guidance for small producers who often lack regulatory understanding. The results are intended to support more effective policies in supervision and education to regulate BKO-containing products in the Herbal Medicine market and protect public health.
References
Aulia, S. D., et al. (2022). Qualitative Analysis of BKO Content in Herbal Medicine. Journal of Indonesian Herbal Medicine, 15(2), 143-155.
Carè, J., Steel, A., & Wardle, J. (2021). Stakeholder attitudes to the regulation of traditional and complementary medicine professions: a systematic review. Human Resources for Health, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-021-00579-y
Dianasari, W., & Nadjib, M. (2022). Supervision of Herbal Medicines Containing Undeclared Substances. International Journal of Regulatory Affairs, 9(3), 201-215.
Elfahmi, E., et al. (2014). Jamu's Path Towards Rational Phytopharmacology. Phytomedicine, 21(1), 17-24. DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.09.001
Elviana, E., Pinandoyo, D., & Zein, Z. (2022). Level of understanding of the small and medium enterprises Herbal Medicine to regulations labelling packaging. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Educational Development and Quality Assurance (ICED-QA 2020), 72-78. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-494069-09-1_10.
Endah, S., & Nofriyaldi, A. (2020). Validation Methods of Analysis Heavy Metals in Herbal Medicine. Indonesian Journal of Environmental Toxicology, 8(1), 33-45.
Fitriani, O. S., et al. (2021). Phytochemical Screening and Antihypertensive Testing of Indonesian Herbal Medicine. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 276, 114196. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114196.
Hussain, S., Malik, F., Khalid, N., Qayyum, M., & Riaz, H. (2012). Alternative and Herbal Medicines systems in Pakistan: history, regulation, trends, usefulness, challenges, prospects and limitations. InTech. https://doi.org/10.5772/28224.
Ijaz, N., Boon, H., Welsh, S., & Meads, A. (2015). Supportive but “worried”: perceptions of naturopaths, homeopaths and chinese medicine practitioners through a regulatory transition in Ontario, Canada. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-015-0846-6.
Kim, J., Kwong, E., Chung, V., Lee, J., Wong, T., & Goggins, W. (2013). Acute adverse events from over-the-counter chinese herbal medicines: a population-based survey of Hong Kong Chinese. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-13-336.
Krishindardi, A. Y., et al. (2023). Phenylbutazone Detection in Jamu. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 47(1), 65-73. DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkac067.
Lau, A., et al. (2003). LC-MS Analysis of Adulterants in Herbal Products. Analytical Chemistry, 75(18), 4485-4493. DOI: 10.1021/ac034179.
Mikulski, M., Wichman, M., Simmons, D., Pham, A., Clottey, V., & Fuortes, L. (2017). Toxic metals in ayurvedic preparations from a public health lead poisoning cluster investigation. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, 23(3), 187-192. https://doi.org/10.1080/10773525.2018.1447880.
Ngcobo, M., Nkala, B., Moodley, I., & Gqaleni, N. (2011). Recommendations for the development of regulatory guidelines for registration of Herbal Medicines in South Africa. African Journal of Traditional Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.4314/ajtcam.v9i1.9.
Rahmadani, R., et al. (2023). Avoiding BKO in Jamu: Socialization Efforts. Journal of Public Health Promotion, 20(3), 233-245.
Republic of Indonesia. (2023). Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 17 of 2023 on Health. Jakarta: Ministry of Law and Human Rights.
Suparmi, S. (2020). Risk and Benefit Analysis of Indonesian Herbal Products. Journal of Risk Analysis, 12(4), 420-433.
Widyowati, R., & Agil, M. (2018). Chemical Constituents and Bioactivities of Jamu. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 13(3), 222-229. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2017.11.005.
